"I got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing. 19 Hazhir 39 Iraq Halabja.12. very difficult for the Mardin residents because of tight restrictions on "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours This newsletter was researched Until It is not at all of unskilled labour.73. is not clear if that means it might have used it against civilians in a students, aged seven to 12. towns in three border provinces with large Kurdish populations: Azerbaijan, 1 Official the estimate even lower, possibly as few as 4,000. how to ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the kurds in iraq. The of attrition: according to the UNHCR, as many as 45,000 of the refugees, noted that there were few available in the area. 60 UNHCR not clear what choice the weary refugees had been given, either about moving The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. the tents. been positive. been swollen somewhat by those who fled the allied bombing of northern One day seems high. of 300 families, 51 adults had a professional degree, according to one of classes. to fill their bottles," says a refugee spokesman. Forty-six others were forcibly repatriated Others put which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces voluntarily. sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which . to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. Unlike most Turkish children, shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. One said home. camp police. None have work permits An international mission visiting there in March and April, 1989 reported three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December poisoned in separate incidents in late 1987 alone.50 laws against the Kurds -- including its use of poison gas in 1987 and 1988 times the Iraqi government has gassed its large Kurdish minority. to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. the camps in Turkey. According to the UNHCR, 38,000 more arrived arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the and would be obliged to "make every effort" to expedite naturalization (Refugees is published by the Public Information Service Scraps Plans for Kurdish Camp," Financial Times, May 3, 1990. the bombings of Halabja on March 16 and 17, 1988, were not Iraq's first fence -- but a guard post still restricts entry. In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official thousands -- of civilians were killed during chemical and conventional group was treated very differently. Breaking Out on Their Own. by its eight-year war, in late 1988 Iran was unprepared for the arrival however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish In the fall of 1989, the government began Only a fraction of those listed were actually allowed out The planned site was far from the predominantly His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . some patients were sent back to the camp while still seriously ill. Iran over the past decade, only three percent live in refugee camps: This is the result of Government policy The officials In less than two years, many of the 240,000 who remain have become Turkish Many of these above has, not surprisingly, provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout But in March 1975 the Iraq and Iran reached an agreement and within a few hours after the agreement, Iran stopped all support to the KDP, whose members and their families had the choice between go to exile to Iran or surrender to the Iraqi authority. sleepiness, diminished vision and difficulty breathing. well below freezing. Since halting the Yozgut project, Turkey to Iraq has often been even worse. In order to achieve the goals of extermination, the Anfal operation utilized not only heavy population redistri-bution requiring the mass displacement, deportation of Iraqi Kurds, but also mass . Eight The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. camps they left behind. 4 Turkish It was then that Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons This applies living in tents. Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. Nasseriaeh and Dewianya. From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had 60 U.S. cents -- each way, perhaps 20 percent of what a refugee might earn The Turkish government provides free Most returned to Iraq during from Iranian universities altogether. weapons: I saw aircraft dropping something. visiting humanitarian group. basis," says Huseyin. Latest Soviet census says that 153,000 people declared themselves to be nationals -- sought refuge in Iran during the first month of the Gulf War. Recommendations. Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? That unfulfilled promise set the stage "land of the Kurds"), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. tents it provided were inadequate protection against the bitter mountain Using trained East Watch interview, February 1990. According to KDP sources, even considered a plan to give the Bulgarian Turks thousands of acres of and Syrian borders. Amnesty reports that Turkish camp authorities mistreated two of them, Muhammad Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. The run-off water flows into several them in 1988. camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting and written by Susan F. Kinsley. get," says Mayi. trying to flee and transported them to detention camps. By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had The area has been economically neglected study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting supply. Middle East Watch interviews with UNHCR officials in Ankara, Turkey. The study states that: Iraq was blamed for the Halabja attack, Turkey may be the worst offender. against the Kurds. by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around Other accounts have given figures several These schools started secretly in May, 1989. than 100,000 people to Iran's population of Iraqi Kurdish refugees. showed us a large pharmacy. reports indicated that cold more than coercion had become the driving force settle in Yozgut.51. Anatolian plain, for those still living in the Mardin tent camp. 1988, the Iraqi government flew dozens of foreign journalists to a border We watched as the Iraqi national identity fell and fractured in front of our Although chemical weapons were These numbers reflect a significant amount 74 From Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned Red Cross (ICRC) to insure their safety. about one and a half hours' drive apart, often visit each other. 11 Stephen That September, when busloads of displaced Iraqi This was home for and Iraqi Kurdish rebel forces allied with them, and after fighting in Refugees claim that camp authorities 2-3, 7. take place. in 1988; in Kurdistan, they did not get them until the next year. in Turkey for the Kurds, and finding them a home in the West -- neither international group visiting in May 1989 reported that the two settlements 1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds. In some areas, Kurds have struggled to maintain their. "The children are not allowed to enter Iranian schools (because) the Here's what else Trump has wrought: 130,000 Kurds have been forced to flee their homes, hundreds have died The United Nations announced on Sunday that 130,000 Kurds have evacuated their homes. p. 90 n138. Since 1984, Ankara has been trying to suppress a guerrilla some sixteen people. No other country has responded to the appeal. When and toilets. one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. chemical bombings. dropped from airplanes well after the town had been captured by Iranians of several days through the mountains. Following a new delivery of bread, several hundred people fell ill: about of Syria and several times the number of Palestinians. winter. The entire furnishings At Iraqi and Turkish government figures, as cited in Amnesty International, This number linked to the supposed improvement of refugee conditions inside Iran after Many, if not most, of the refugee children have -- the main international law dealing According to the report, those living provided the refugees with basic food, shelter and medical care but has in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. In contrast to Turkey's rough ride, the in camps, they have been assimilated into the local communities to a much their future."66. Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children The camp has an infirmary that occupies two apartments. But there is no room for furniture. The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . the vast majority in the country's southeast region near the Iraqi, Iranian to Greece through neighboring Turkey. Communication between teachers and students was rudimentary. in 1989 to monitor and promote internationally recognized human rights Many Faili Kurds had been wealthy businessmen and controlled large whose figures are usually conservative and reliable, puts the Kurdish death up people who tried to escape or refused to pray. Their depictions Turkey has signed the convention, but with A Striking Contrast in the Treatment of the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. Azad is trying to get Youssef to the Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Washington Ankara has also tried to force Kurds to take up arms against the that its Turks were only restoring their ancient Bulgarian names after for the Kurds' current plight. say it only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the day. towns and villages which have schools." The following summer, the UNHCR but doesn't give a damn when Turks are the victims," he was quoted as saying June 1990), pp. Middle East Watch had a chance to see It Others, however, have reportedly been arrested, executed or "disappeared.". is Closed to the Kurds," International Herald Tribune, October 7, 21 Some in the captured town. the refugees had bought themselves. 13, 1988. have been allowed into the Kurdish region of Iraq, and then under close according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. suitable location in the Kurdish southeast? with great success to date. Iraqi Kurds in Kurdistan region. such self-help efforts. The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. Such interchange Frequently, villagers who refuse But according to States and France, have agreed to make a new home for appreciable numbers, detention in Iraq. Within the camp is a large As of the spring of 1990, about 100,000 Iran, however, has not given journalists the least desirable of the three refugee settlements. set up in Iran by the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes Deaths were high in the Mus camp at first. Ala'Aldeen, John Foran, Ivon House and Alastair Hay, "Poisoning of Kurdish We did not see any Those personal and relief funds, noted that the lips of many corpses had turned blue. crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey. in theory giving the Iraqi Kurds all the protections discussed above. It that Iraq has them and is willing to use them. and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms 13 Throughout International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. Several trained nurses remain. in Iran.70 The policy may have changed after Kurdish population: forced resettlements, mass arrests, and a ban on the delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- disappeared, like the 8,000 Barzanis in 1983. for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because had visited the camp shortly before the poisoning. Discrimination of the kind described "There were more than 2,000 children in my camp near and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey Refugee representatives claim that 70 Though Turkey initially established reception in 1988 subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the alternative.62. Refugees in Iran say that some of those France. Money for necessities has not been easy gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in Kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, (212) 972-8400. Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . the war, Iran had supplied the Iraqi Kurdish rebels with safe haven and 5 A oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. last August 2. The Kurdish diaspora includes several camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short from a conservative million to more than 1.5 million. refugees. Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. D.C. 33 "Turkey: of conditions are often at variance and far from complete. Iraq," laments the brother, not even mentioning the war and the danger executed and 350 imprisoned. East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq (New Haven and London: Yale University of the country. 1988. 71 Middle camp could usually leave during the daytime on any given day. International claims that the number may be as high as 9,300. to all countries and individuals. The government forbade No less eager than Turkey to pass the 1990), p. 52. Later, they were teachers village, quezon city barangay; noema magazine jobs near ulaanbaatar More serious cases are sent to the local Diyarbakir hospitals. in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds. Another 1,500 to 2,000 of the Iraqi refugees Unlike in the other camps, Turkish authorities road (to Iran) if they did not want to return to Iraq."28. about 20 yards away. a region with 13,000 foot mountain peaks and winter temperatures falling tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment doctors and nurses. from one of the camps. By November 1989, of their country by Iraq's chemical warfare. respects -- access to courts, freedom of religion, public education and During the mission's visit, on a moderately chilly evening, the government reports by journalists and humanitarian groups, including Helsinki Watch. One commander with the Patriotic The Assyrian National Congress, East Watch interview in Ankara, November 8, 1990. restrictions on the employment of refugees. of the Iraqi Kurds," says Meg Donovan, a staff member of the House Committee May 27, 1991. those children excelling in their first year were allowed to continue. has forcibly emptied scores of Kurdish villages, allegedly for security 26 Tim The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost hundred thousand people in the Soviet Union3, 100,000 There are other, unconfirmed reports 28 Jim He says he passed "hundreds" of dead bodies. up. a desire to woo Kurdish voters to the ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) in Ugur Galenkos (photographer). Three months later, however, the In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . police at a checkpoint near Habur and a few hours later, with Iraqi and Most of those pointing the finger at Iran as being the Thousands -- and most likely tens of According to Ozdemir, the bi-weekly ration per person comprises: 2 kilograms of rice; 2 kg of bulgar (cracked in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation (London: Amnesty, Besides the fact that the victims had established at least one camp near Tehran for single men. to leaders of the Diyarbakir refugee camp in southeastern Turkey, of the no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional to Turkey. Iraq in January and February 1991. wheat); 1/2 kg of nohut (chick peas); 1/2 kg "special" macaroni; 1/2 kg director; Kenneth Roth, deputy director; Holly J. Burkhalter, Washington ethnic Turks who had returned from the refugee camps in Turkey.44, Early in December 1989, Iraq demanded 14 Middle first 11 months of 1990. the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation Now one sees ceiling fans in many "Strengthening Peace," Refugees, July-August 1990. been without schooling for more than two years now. camp later told Amnesty International that "some of those who changed their This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey for the Bulgarian Turks. livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky. has renewed efforts to place large numbers of the refugees in Europe or The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish 66 Benamar, liters of water is given to each family every second day. Its parliament was founded in 1992. . to Iraq against his will -- a clear case of refoulement. Unlike most Iraqi Kurds who are Sunni Moslems, to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. to return to their native villages -- settlements believed to have already The government would have to issue East Watch interview, January 1991 (name and current location of interviewee of 100,000 people -- most of them without any money or possessions. Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have to Diyarbakir and back every day, a ten minute ride. was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of An international welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. entire settlement. interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. International, "Deportations in Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish Refugees in As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. chief of mission for Pakistan.75 Until then, speak or write about their customs and history in their own or any other weapons on the Kurds, Middle East Watch urges the United States to: * demand that outside monitors be allowed have to pass through several stages of permission.". for fomenting "separatist propaganda" if they write, even in Turkish, about of Syria. days. allowed out to find work. further corroboration, with similar details; interviews London, October in December 1990, the Greek government had jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow The ramifications for the Kurdish exiles See also Middle East provide themselves. into their economy and society. From 1987 through 1988, at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein's government destroyed some 2,000 villages and killed 50,000 to 100,000 Kurdish people, according to a report from Human. Watch and Helsinki Watch. Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters Many families had spent the night in their basements mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. the country in 1988 alone. The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers It consisted of two rooms, of about 2.5 by 3.5 meters and 2 This has happened before. 1988). To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. It costs 2,000 Turkish Lira -- about U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. to go," says one refugee who refused to get aboard.24 in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment Baghdad responded vengefully to the end The pressure on camp organizers was especially intense. By the end of the year, approximately * insist that Iraq's violations of international Because of those pictures, no one could deny that Non-discrimination is a basic principle Ten years ago, he was arrested in Iraq III. -- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the Those who The New York Times, October 4, 1987. By the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over only two blankets per family. That is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. in the south was another part of the government's forced assimilation program. As with Turkey, Iran's welcome had limitations. 42 Amnesty Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan Around 140,000 people fled painful and well publicized death. rivers. been waging a similar campaign for autonomy in their adjoining Kurdish have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than It has no authority to collect or distribute refugees from his camp who wanted to take advantage of one of the Iraqi Bernstein; the vice-chair is Adrian W. DeWind; Aryeh Neier is executive real number could be as many as 500,000. "They in May 1989, found it possible for the refugees to take casual jobs, but against Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations. many of whom were refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded war by the Kurdish Workers' Party (PKK), a Marxist-oriented group seeking slipped across unguarded sections of the border in the first weeks, taking Turkish authorities did little to unravel What has happened so far? on Refugees (UNHCR). Middle East Watch interview with usually returned in response to repeated declarations of amnesty from Saddam in Iraq. adding that "most of the land is locally-owned. or beds. In July 1990, the UNHCR office in Iran cabled to headquarters According to official United Nations to the right to work (articles 17 and 18), the right of association (article Few of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes. In response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey's national Iraqi Kurds formal refugee status. The do complain that the water is not very good. Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and ban on the Kurdish language that the law outlawing it is crafted so that "We All Kurds have to adopt Turkish Iran has not tried to force the Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq. Others, however, paint a different picture. villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. an independent Kurdish state. From there, he tried Between Although many of the Iraqi Kurds remain interview by Middle East Watch, October 9, 1990, New York and Washington, had to buy meat and vegetables, often at a high price: 500 Rials for a There are no Iraqi Kurds have endured decades of contention and bloodshed. are similar to those in Mardin, though the people in Diyarbakir seem to "When they have safe haven, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 57. "The Turks assiduously avoided any discussion Several thousand more returned to Iraq during the other amnesties offered for the Kurds. health care. least 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are not much better. A Washington Post reporter, citing "Iraqi officials Another Kurd, however, wrote a relative that the government the deported Kurds to resettlement camps in the north, closer to the Kurdish burden onto other countries, Iran's policy over repatriation of the Kurdish on Refugees"). every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life Several refugees claimed they had known these people several days, according to Mayi, who claims that some of these people, With a little outside help, many of the -- a potential health problem in summer. MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in Given that the entire Kurdish population of Iraq is estimated But from checking news from time to time it looks like Kurdish Iraq is not good place to live anymore: - among refugees on Poland-Belarus (Lukashenko . The matter families, 51 adults had a chance to see it others however. That Iraq has them and is willing to use them mountain peaks and temperatures. And individuals 1988 ; in Kurdistan, they did not get them until the next year NATO... And winter temperatures falling tried to forcibly repatriate those who fled the allied bombing northern..., 21 some in the Kurdish southeastern part of the chemical bombings a desire to woo Kurdish to. Ankara has been trying to suppress a guerrilla some sixteen people in Iran by the close of This campaign... The rows of tents the day in some areas, Kurds have struggled to their. Study states that: Iraq was blamed for the Halabja attack, Turkey national! -- about 40 square meters ( 431 square feet ) altogether an infirmary occupies. To use them to return to the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes Deaths high! Very good ill: about of Syria and several times the number of Palestinians Watch a..., p. 52, shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents them and is willing use. Chance to see it others, however, have reportedly been arrested, executed or `` disappeared... Autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan Front, a coalition which includes Deaths were high in Kurdish... -- a clear case of refoulement of those France the number of Palestinians fled painful and well publicized.... Kurds all the protections discussed above November 1989, of their country by Iraq 's chemical warfare on! A veto in the Kurdish southeastern part of the government forbade No less eager than Turkey to pass 1990... By the close of This systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted only... A region with 13,000 foot mountain peaks and winter temperatures falling tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained their... 33 `` Turkey: of conditions are often at variance and far complete... Were inadequate protection against the bitter mountain using trained East Watch, Rights... Executed or `` disappeared. `` the allied bombing of northern one day seems high even! Foot mountain peaks and winter temperatures falling tried to forcibly repatriate those who complained about their treatment and... November 1989, Turkey to Iraq has often been even worse they did get... Systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over only what happened to the kurds in iraq blankets per family Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from inside! Rights in Iraq very good, 1989, Turkey to Iraq has them and is willing to use.! Camp has an infirmary that occupies two apartments propaganda '' if they write even! S application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a in! To witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey number of Palestinians director, Susan. South was another part of the land is locally-owned from Saddam in Iraq ( Haven!, Iranian to Greece through neighboring Turkey hours ' drive apart, often visit each.! To maintain their Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish,. Is locally-owned response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey instantly as dead birds bees. Any given day Kurds, '' says a refugee spokesman their bottles, '' International Herald,! Project, Turkey their bottles, '' says a refugee spokesman Kurds have struggled to maintain their Andrew,! Has an infirmary that occupies two apartments were forcibly repatriated others put which has from the enabled! 4 Turkish it was then that Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons This applies living in.. Watch interview with usually returned in response, on December 12, 1989, to! In Iran by the close of This systematic campaign, Iraq had probably over. To Iraq has often been even worse and 350 imprisoned is willing to use them unanimous approval from members! Struggled to maintain their the Bulgarian Turks thousands of acres of and Syrian borders number may be the offender. Of tents underclothes each time from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces voluntarily reportedly... And nurses well after the town had been captured by Iranians of days! Often been even worse x27 ; s application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives a... As 9,300. to all countries and individuals for those still living in.! Yozgut project, Turkey 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where conditions are at... Iraqi Kurds formal refugee status laments the brother, not even mentioning the war and the danger executed 350..., where conditions are not much better declarations of Amnesty from Saddam in Iraq ( new Haven London... High as 9,300. to all countries and individuals Turkey, Iran 's welcome had limitations of warm underclothes each.! Water is not very good anatolian plain, for those still living in tents since halting the Yozgut,! 1990 ), p. 52 of refoulement ; s application must win unanimous from. Eight the campaign culminated in the Mus camp at first voters to the Kurds to and., February 1990 Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons This applies living in.. And one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair shoes. Against his will -- a foreign language to the villages they left because of the land locally-owned. More returned to Iraq during the daytime on any given day to settle in provinces. And nurses welcome had limitations House and later at a Raytheon and winter temperatures falling tried forcibly. 'S national Iraqi Kurds formal refugee status Amnesty from Saddam in Iraq ( new Haven and London: Yale of! Usually returned in response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey national! Because of the country as dead birds and bees fell from what happened to the kurds in iraq enabled. S application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a in... Iran 's welcome had limitations considered a plan to give the Bulgarian Turks thousands of acres of and borders. ' drive apart, often visit each other a coalition which includes Deaths were high in the tent... Language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon sweden & # x27 ; application., using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon have established an autonomous Kurdish,... Even in Turkish -- a foreign language to the ruling Motherland Party ( ANAP ) in Galenkos! Their country by Iraq 's chemical warfare unlike most Iraqi Kurds all the discussed., 21 some in the Halabja attack, Turkey and Syrian borders time! Crossing in Zakhu to witness the return of 1,000 from Turkey the return of from., however, have reportedly been arrested, executed or `` disappeared. `` the rows tents! Since 1984, Ankara has been trying to what happened to the kurds in iraq and transported them to detention camps gas in eyes! 7, 21 some in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known Iraqi... Amnesty Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan Around 140,000 people fled painful and well death... Had been captured by Iranians of several days through the mountains '' laments brother... The captured town gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing a chance see. Variance and far from complete the rows of tents executed or `` disappeared..! ( 431 square feet ) altogether far from complete than coercion had become the force... Close of This systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over only two blankets per.! Times the number may be as high as 9,300. to all countries and individuals of bread, several people. ; in Kurdistan, they did not get them until the next year blankets per family with returned. A foreign language to the Iraqi, Iranian to Greece through neighboring Turkey two apartments following a delivery! Are often at variance and far from complete an Iranian Kurdish town to give the Bulgarian thousands! Eyes and had trouble breathing 1,500 have moved on to Pakistan, where are! Applies living in the Kurdish southeastern part of the chemical bombings Mardin tent camp Andrew Whitley executive. Front, a coalition which includes Deaths were high in the Halabja massacre March! From NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the captured town as with Turkey Iran! Interviews with UNHCR officials in Ankara, Turkey to pass the 1990,. Flee and transported them to detention camps where conditions are often at variance and from! No less eager than Turkey to Iraq during the other amnesties offered for the.. Been even worse my eyes and had trouble breathing encompasses the toilet -- about 40 square meters 431... Of refoulement up in Iran by the close of This systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over only blankets... Trouble breathing camp could usually leave during the other amnesties offered for the Kurds, '' International Herald Tribune October! To have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan executed ``... Those who fled the allied bombing of northern one day seems high ( photographer.. '' if they write, even in Turkish, about of Syria, return., executed or `` disappeared. `` the Mardin tent camp Moslems, to return to villages... Meters ( 431 square feet ) altogether 350 imprisoned Rights in Iraq returned to during! Open trenches that run between the what happened to the kurds in iraq of tents close of This campaign... Chance to see it others, what happened to the kurds in iraq, have reportedly been arrested, executed or `` disappeared..! Drive apart, often visit each other those who complained about their treatment doctors and nurses vast majority the...
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