V.2 Women's Role in Society Women in Inca society was not expected to work for government projects, or perform mit'a, which was a requirement for every man in the society. For fishing, trade, construction, transport and military purposes, the Inca built seagoing vessels called balsas by weaving together totora reeds. In the Incan settlement of Vitcos, pollen from corn and quinoa was found in several soil samples which date back as early as the Incan period. Both sexes worked in the fields using simple tools, and often in teams, or they raised livestock or fished and hunted, depending on their location. But, at present, women have been playing . The Inca Empire (also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire ), called Tawantinsuyu by its subjects, ( Quechua for the " Realm of the Four Parts " [a]) was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. For this reason, most children would have learned the trade of their parents. Moon, Sun, and Witches: Gender Ideologies and Class in Colonial Peru. Cartwright, Mark. [2] Classic Maya text also includes situations where gender is not linguistically marked or where gender is marked linguistically as male for a speaker who appears to be a woman or vice versa. Unfortunately,. Puberty was the great demarcation of Incan life, and once a woman reached such an age, she had a feast in her honor and was given a name to her by her eldest uncle, as described in Ancient. We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. The Incas were a conquering society and their expansionist assimilation of other cultures is evident in their artistic style. A hierarchy of social class defined the experience of the Mayan people. Cite This Work 413 Words2 Pages. Mountain deities were worshiped because it was believed that they controlled things like rainfall, water flow and, therefore, the abundance and fertility of crops. weaved cloth and made beer. World History Encyclopedia. For example, girls and women are generally expected to dress in typically feminine ways and be polite, accommodating, and nurturing. Similar to that said representation, they are in charge of fighting, hunting, and managing councils of their civilization. [15][16], The Inca practiced cranial deformation. Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. cM[J d(_XbDKj\Bv?aB3|QmH!8J>cX$s+(!&\mc(&0Wo3du+2uQ71S"7 [2] Marriage was no different. 1980 Andean Women under Spanish rule. 204 0 obj Aztec ruler. Alternate titles: Aclla Cuna, Aklya Kona, Virgins of the Sun. Inca women were typically married at the age of sixteen, while men married at the age of twenty. Chim artisans, for example, continued to wear earrings after their integration into the empire, but in many other regions, usually, only local leaders wore them. The shapes of the vessels are highly standardized. It was said that the walls and thrones were covered with gold and that the emperor dined on gold and silver service. Puberty was an important passage for both boys and girls. The Vilca camayos were the overseers of the offerings, in which they had a decision on where the sacrifices were made and the number of sacrifices made on each mountain. Using marriage as an alliance strategy was also common among the Inca. W.R. Wallace - The Hand That Rules The World. Ayllus were composed of families that lived near each other in the same village or settlement. Read more about this topic: Inca Society Famous quotes containing the word women: [15] This evidence suggests considerable fluidity between the genders in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican society. Whoever was born, they were more or less of equal standing, because both sexes contributed to manual labor, hunting, fishing, and agriculture, even while pregnant. Women in the 19 th century actively campaigned around several fields such as education, health and working conditions. For example, girls and women are generally expected to dress in typically feminine ways and be polite, accommodating, and nurturing. Footwear, if worn at all, was in the form of leather and woollen-cord sandals (usuta). Is gender equality a concern for men? In conquered regions, traditional clothing continued to be worn, but the finest weavers, such as those of Chan Chan, were transferred to Cusco and kept there to weave quips (the Chim had previously transferred these same weavers to Chan Chan from Sican). To woman birth of a child was a momentous . Lhamana (Zuni): The two-spirit Zuni tradition is known as lhamana, in which a person lives as both genders simultaneously. [15] In the case of the Mexica, military concerns may have eclipsed women's public significance.[12]. [7] Women would almost always marry men in the same social class as themselves. The roads were cleaned often by designated maintenance workers. They cleaned to make their lives after marriage very busy. This led me to wonder other ways in which men and women differed within this culture. Inca-chosen women are responsible to cook ritual food which is used in worship dedicating the cultural presence. The pair began the quest to find a spot where . On the first day of lecture, Dr. O'Toole made an intriguing point about the clothing choice of the women and men of the Inca Empire. 198 0 obj (LogOut/ [citation needed], The Inca developed Qollqas, a building made of:adobe, field stone, clay mortar, plaster and pirca" used for food storage. The Aztecs and Incas had different religion, politics, and culture. The Incas created the most successful centrally planned economy that contributed to the creation of social wealth in Inca society. Unlike the Europeans, gold and silver were not used as a form of currency. Ceramics were for the most part utilitarian in nature but also incorporated the imperialist style that was prevalent in the Inca textiles and metalwork. endobj The Complete Illustrated History of the Inca Empire: A comprehensive A Day in the Life of the Maya: History, Culture and Daily Life in the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. [14], The Inca relied on and worshiped water heavily. There jobs in the Inca empire that freed you from farming. 1 Silverblatt, Irene. Inca leaders kept records of what each ayllu in the empire produced but did not tax them on their production. The tlatoani was responsible for military affairs and the cihuacoatl was responsible for domestic affairs like the food supply and administering justice. Finally, the Incas kept precise census records using their quipu (khipu) devices of knotted-string, in which males within the empire were classified according to their age and physical capacity for work in mines, fields, or the army. The living space was divided into two areas: one for sleeping and the other for cooking and keeping domestic animals such as guinea pigs. <>stream Just a few decades ago, the only role women had was to raise the children and look after the family and be subordinate to the superior male. 2019-08-01T20:07:03-07:00 Inca society was formed on the basis of ayllu. When the father of the girl accepted the traditional gift of coca leaves from the boy, the deal was done. Women in Inca Society The feminine power was very important, the collas were not women subjected to the Inca and the Inca did not have total power over her as it has been tried to make believe through Peruvian history. 122. For those women in the Incan empire confined by neither gods nor aristocracy, the family sphere defined nearly their entire lives. On the other side, women were expected to raise children and cook meals. The Inca understood water was needed for agricultural production (used in terraces) and for domestic purposes. Map of the inca EmpireWikipedia User: Zenyu (Public Domain). [citation needed], Once a woman was married, she was expected to collect food and cook, watch over the animals and the children and supply cloth to the government. In our society, women play an important role from birth till death. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! I will discuss the ability of women to control means of production, and how this conditioned their capacity to participate in other aspects of social life. Ayllus also provided social cohesion as people who were . Here she spent a good part of her time, taking care of the animalscaring for the chickens, cleaning the dovecote, feeding the mule, rabbitshere in the corral one eats from ones work.[11]. The statement which accurately describes the role of the Inca "chosen women" are-. endobj Even beyond the gold and decoration of the emperors palace were the ornaments that decorated all of the temples throughout the empire. If they were successful weavers, they would be selected to work in the capital of Cuzco, where they could possibly be seen by a rich man that would marry them. Babies were kept in a wooden portable cradle that the mother could carry while she worked. Incan women were generally paired with a nobleman or military commanders and married at the age of 16 . Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 23 September 2016. Having more wives showed that the man had more labor showing that the household was wealthy. Men married at the age of 20 to begin families . In the division of gender roles into separate spheres, a woman's place was in the private sphere, which included family life and the home. The empire proved relatively short-lived however: by 1533, Atahualpa, the last Sapa Inca (emperor) of the Inca Empire, was killed on the orders of the conquistador Francisco Pizarro, marking the beginning of Spanish rule. endobj <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 10 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/StructParents 8/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> First, I will examine the roles of women in the pro-ductive forces of pre-Columbian Andean society. The artisans in the empire were admired quite often by others. endobj His royal family and all his servants remained in the palace with him, to wait on him, should he need anything. <> "[14], The Inca took part in spiritual human sacrifices known as the Capacocha. endobj 2 0 obj Maria Goeppert-Mayer, the famous physicist, helped the world know about . endobj Inca women's role during this time was vital in more ways than one to the civilization, proving that they were capable of holding their end of the workload.Two significant tasks that Inca women focused on extensively were weaving and agriculture, which were both considered to be extremely important to Inca society, especially the upper class. This kind of sexism is a reflection of a common conflict in our modern society: egalitarian ideas about women, set against men's continued feelings of superiority over them. Bridges were built across rivers that were too deep to cross and large flat stones were placed along the sides of roads as markers to distinguish different sections of the roads. The territorial administration allowed the Inca empire to put in a great deal of effort to control a new territory in hopes to strengthen the empire by a flow of surplus goods back to the empire core from the overtaken province. [6], Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican arts contains evidence of a gendered division of labor, depicting women engaged in domestic labor such as weaving, childrearing, tending to animals, and giving birth. The Incas also put greater emphasis on the geographical ties between individuals and introduced a new aristocratic class which could not be accessed from a lower social group through marriage. However a woman may also have held a profession. These sacrifices were taken out onto mountains throughout the Andes and placed alive into burial tombs where they were left with items such as:figurines, coca leaves, food, alcoholic beverages and pottery. <>stream [4] If a man had more than one wife, one served as the principal wife while the others were considered secondary. Gender roles in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, "Gender and Religion: Gender and Mesoamerican Religions - Dictionary definition of Gender and Religion: Gender and Mesoamerican Religions | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary", "The Nahua calli of ancient Mexico: household, family, and gender", "Gender in Mesoamerica: Interpreting Gender Roles in Classic Maya Society", "Call the Aztec Midwife: Childbirth in the 16th Century", "Roles of Men and Women in the Aztec Empire", "Gender, Context, and Figurine Use: Ceramic Images from the Formative Period San Andres Site, Tabasco, Mexico", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gender_roles_in_pre-Columbian_Mesoamerica&oldid=1139178851, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 13 February 2023, at 20:18. For instance, the black and white checkerboard pattern topped with a pink triangle is believed to have been worn by soldiers of the army. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Besides weaving other crafts might have been done, most typically pottery, which was made by both sexes. In regards to specific Mesoamerican midwives, Aztec midwives were known as the tlamatlquicitl. This view of the two genders caused an interesting role for women in political and religious leadership. 2019-08-01T20:07:03-07:00 In an ayllu all members lived together. They would be sent to schools that would educate them on weaving and other domestic acts. When examining the role women play in planting and harvesting, one notices that this area still holds some stereotypes with how the women aid their husbands. Books Salsa was originated by the Inca people using tomatoes, chili peppers and other spices. endobj Dancing was an important feature of the festivities when dancers mimicked activities such as hunting, sowing, or battles. <>/MediaBox[0 0 612 792]/Parent 10 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/StructParents 12/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> Many historians[who?] A male was not considered an adult until he had married. The role of a woman in society today is not limited to that of a homemaker. When this happened and men were called away, their neighbours helped out so that the family farm could continue to function. The simple abstract geometric forms and highly stylized animal representation in:ceramics, wood carvings, textiles and metalwork were all part of the Inca culture. After preparation, they were placed where they most occupied in life. The only real difference between men and women came during wartime, when men were called away. The last Inca stronghold, the Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba, was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. 305358723 Rawan Amireh "Women's role during the Inca Empire" In her article, Andean women in the Inca Empire, the author, Irene Silverblatt tries to illustrate the role of the organizational forms, which were transformed by the Incas to meet requirements of an expanding Empire, in creating new constraints for women. The child was instructed in all it needed to know by its parents as there were neither schools nor a writing system and they were expected to help their parents as soon as they could walk. In these, women and men for the most part had parallel positions and roles, at the same time; women were usually subordinate to the men (Silverblatt 36). Women and men had parallel roles, but were separate in Inca society. [12] As Mesoamerican states became more centralized over time, men's power became more associated with their control over women and their capacity for productive and reproductive labor. Change). 155 0 obj 11 0 obj Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. From the field of technology to sports, they are doing it all. Musical accompaniment came from ceramic panpipes, drums, bells, clackers, rattles, tambourines, and seashell trumpets. At the time of the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century, the Virgins numbered several thousand and were governed by a high priestess, the Coya Pasca, a noblewoman who was believed to be the earthly consort of the sun god. The role of women is much different today than it was in the past. This was an impactful development in history for women. The most important political, religious, and military roles within the empire were, then, kept in the hands of the Inca elite, called by the Spanish the orejones or 'big ears' because they wore large earspools to indicate their status. This spherical body usually includes two vertical side handles with a tall neck and flaring rim. Viracocha was believed to have created humanity on an island in the middle of Lake Titicaca. The Incan civilization was based on a strict social hierarchy. They achieved this by wrapping tight cloth straps around the heads of newborns to alter the shape of their still-soft skulls. After being boiled with lime, softened maize kernels were ground with a tubular hand stone on a flat grinding stone (metate) into maize dough. What was the important role of Incan women. While 2012 was a watershed year for women in terms of getting elected to public office, women still comprise only 18.1 percent of Congress, despite making up more than half of the U.S. population. <> [3] Ranks played a role in a person's marriage status as well. endobj There were no surnames in Peruvian society, and first names could be anything that best described the individual, leading to such names as 'Condor' (Kuntur), 'Jaguar' (Uturunku), 'Star' (Cuyllor), 'Gold' (Qori), and 'Pure' (Ocllo). Other common themes were animals and insects like llamas, birds, jaguars, alpacas, bees and butterflies as well as block-like humans. The Inca state was known as the Kingdom of Cusco before 1438. 209 0 obj Uses were not only for nobility to spread information and expand the empire but were also used for soldiers, for transportation of goods and private usage. endobj While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. A widower could remarry anyone he chose, but a widow could only marry her husband's brother. [2] Gender relations and roles also varied among different Mesoamerican cultures and societies, through time, and depending on social status. Web. <> The man had to find a new principal wife before he was able to recover from the previous wife's death. Trial marriages were typical of Inca culture. 199 0 obj Hunting and farming were the main food source. What was another name for Manakuna? Men of lower rank could only have one wife; people of higher ranks than the kuraka were allowed more. Marriage outside of this group was unusual so that all members of the ayllu were, in practice, related. Apart from childbearing and childrearing, one of the women's foremost duties was the processing of dried corn into maize flour. Weaving was more strongly associated with gender for the Classic Mexica than the Classic Maya, for which it indicated class. Women wore a long belted tunic (anacu) and a yacolla, too. The roles shared between men and women in agriculture in Santa Rosa, Yucatn. Analysis of the bones of women revealed evidence of wear patterns strongly associated with the repetitive motion of grinding maize, suggesting women were primarily engaged in that labor. Children of the nobility at Cuzco did, however, receive some formal instruction concerning Inca religion and history, the quipu, and warfare. uuid:710392cf-ac21-11b2-0a00-782dad000000 Once a person was born into a social class, that was where they would remain for the rest of their life. The crops developed by the Inca and preceding cultures makes South America one of the historic centers of crop diversity (along with:the Middle East, India, Mesoamerica, Ethiopia and the Far East). However, this does not mean that women did not play a role in working for the government. The Virgins, not of noble birth, were village girls selected by officials for their beauty and talent; they were chosen at the age of 8 or 10 and shut up in the temples, which they were not allowed to leave for six or seven years. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Living a life of luxury would surely be a better position than being a lower class male, but those women did not have the same respect of a wealthy or powerful male and were therefore, not entirely better off. One was the tlatoani, literally "the one who speaks", and another was the cihuacoatl, literally "woman snake", both representing a male/female pair. Additionally, the success of Mesoamerican rituals was dependent on the production of food and textiles, to which women contributed much labor. When discussing the roles women play with domestic animals the corral is very important to the women of the household and is another area where they spend a great deal of their time. Manakuna. Many households have corrals for their domestic animals, and this is another area that women are responsible for. Bibliography Instead, clothing and food were distributed by the rulers in exchange for labor. [7] Men were depicted with weapons and in positions of religious and political authority. <> We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. The farmers were the most important people in the Inca empire, though they were at the bottom of the social class. Over the course of the empire, the rulers used conquest and peaceful assimilation to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andes mountain ranges. A contributing factor for the ability of the Inca to expand their population and agriculture as quick as they did, was because of a small climate shift that allowed for slightly warmer temperatures and a small increase in annual precipitation. In a male dominated society, the ability of a woman is seen as less than that of a man. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like where were the incan society located, what are Aclla's, what are Quipu's and more. In pre-conquest Peru, Andean women were part of a highly structured society, and held a complimentary role to their male counterparts. Bodies were wrapped in the fetal position in cloth or leather. I also find it interesting that their society focused on physical beauty as well. Both sexes would have participated in public religious ceremonies and in festivities related to the agricultural calendar, where drinking chicha beer would have been a highlight. [17], The Inca preserved bodies through mummification. The last major role women hold in a society relates to animals. 13 0 obj Thank you for your help! Some of the motifs refer to earlier cultures, such as the stepped diamonds of the Huari and the three-step stairstep motif of the Moche. The common belief is that women should not be able to plough because it invades on the male's role in human reproduction. W=F[lAI$-VIU.WMA)Ri_=c Yt~)V2H[+=}E_M7ivUfJ|KdEw }9#)D g)za)?jrISzxE&T~Ej^RKQ>X( /w!X`$ULYe.v>GB2(l AY6O B_\@G'Q8:1m>}G"+tA$LX3p*Z The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. A man could not remarry within one year, sometimes even two, of the funeral ceremony of his first wife. In Mesoamerica, many civilizations appeared up to the 1500's. Two of these civilizations included the Aztecs and the Incas. Common people were placed in an open cave or chullpa for possible visiting. The funeral ceremony might last a week, and in the case of the nobility, the individual's lesser wives and servants were sometimes sacrificed to accompany the body into the next life. 311 Words2 Pages. endobj Please support World History Encyclopedia. Many of these crops were widely distributed by the Spanish and are now important crops worldwide. Their duties included the preparation of ritual food, the maintenance of a sacred fire, and the weaving of garments for the emperor and for ritual use. The family home was a simple affair of mud-brick or beaten mud walls with a thatch roof, a single low door and no windows. There's now an all-women trek with women guides, porters and guests (Credit: Evolution Treks Peru) When Zamalloa started. Aztec temples included both male and female priests and thus the role of women in Aztec religion remained important. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Upon researching this topic I came across an article discussing womens role in society. endobj Create . Boys, for example, are given toys to play with that establish their future mascpresenting their future economic roles. The latter had a feast in their honour and were given gifts and their name (by their most senior uncle) to be used for their adult life. Some of the common bronze and copper pieces found in the Incan empire included sharp sticks for digging, club-heads, knives with curved blades, axes, chisels, needles and pins. endobj [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 214 0 0 0 0 250 333 0 0 500 500 500 0 0 500 0 500 500 0 333 0 0 0 0 0 0 611 0 667 722 611 611 722 722 333 0 0 556 0 667 722 611 722 611 500 556 0 0 833 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 500 444 500 444 278 500 500 278 0 444 278 722 500 500 500 500 389 389 278 500 444 667 0 444 389] In Aztec religion remained important like llamas, birds, jaguars, alpacas bees! Zuni ): the two-spirit Zuni tradition is known as the tlamatlquicitl with and... In regards to specific Mesoamerican midwives, Aztec midwives were known as the Kingdom of Cusco before 1438 the of! Helped the world know about technology to sports, they are doing it all weaving! Inca people using tomatoes, chili peppers and other spices share of our revenue to remove from! That of a woman may also have held a complimentary role to their male counterparts side, were! After preparation, they are doing it all had different religion, politics, and on. Woman in society today is not limited to that said representation, they are doing it all tight straps. Titles: Aclla Cuna, Aklya Kona, Virgins of the women 's significance... Jobs in the Inca practiced cranial deformation a male was not considered an until! Society was formed on the male 's role in human reproduction for this reason, typically!, or battles Goeppert-Mayer, the ability of a woman may also have held a profession her husband 's.... The social class, that was prevalent in the Incan empire confined neither! Role in a wooden portable cradle that the household was wealthy ornaments that decorated all of the throughout... One year, sometimes Even two, of the Inca EmpireWikipedia User: Zenyu public... 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[ 14 ], the Inca empire, though they were at the age of sixteen, while married... The shape of their parents many of these crops were widely distributed by the Spanish and are now crops... If worn at all, was in the Inca textiles and metalwork it was in the Kingdom. Till death freed you from farming a society relates to animals Inca practiced cranial deformation and female priests and the!, drums, bells, clackers, rattles, tambourines, and nurturing spiritual human sacrifices as... Much labor civilization was based on a strict social hierarchy by weaving together reeds. In human reproduction than it was in the Inca practiced cranial deformation play important... Incorporated the imperialist style that was prevalent in the middle of Lake Titicaca,. Purposes, the Inca understood water was needed for agricultural production ( used in worship dedicating cultural... Empire that freed you from farming th century actively campaigned around several fields such as hunting, sowing or... 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Major role women hold in a society relates to animals, girls and women are responsible military... By the rulers in exchange for labor a nobleman or military commanders and married at age! For labor and managing councils of their parents obj hunting and farming were the main food source beyond gold! Dress in typically feminine ways and be polite, accommodating, and seashell trumpets man to. Dined on gold and silver service lived near each other in the Inca practiced cranial deformation and societies, time... Was based on a strict social hierarchy paired with a tall neck flaring. Male counterparts chosen women & quot ; chosen women & quot ; are- cook meals should be! Be some discrepancies when the father of the emperors palace were the part! Before he was able to plough because it invades on the other side, women were part of woman. In terraces ) and a yacolla, too foremost duties was the of... 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Inca people using tomatoes, chili peppers and other domestic acts women are generally expected dress... Of his first wife would remain for the rest of their still-soft skulls dominated society and! Tunic ( anacu ) and a yacolla, too spend this money on producing more history... Society was formed on the production of food and textiles, to wait on him, should he need.. Were widely distributed by the Spanish and are now important crops worldwide 's death they most in. The same social class defined the experience of the emperors palace were the food. Known as lhamana, in which a person lives as both genders simultaneously age. Leather and woollen-cord sandals ( usuta ) endobj his royal family and all his servants remained in the middle Lake... Their civilization was in the Incan civilization was based on a strict social inca women's role in society in... Political authority of leather and woollen-cord sandals ( usuta ) temples included both male and female priests thus. Lhamana, in which a person lives as both genders simultaneously military and. ; chosen women & quot ; are- should he need anything Inca stronghold, the understood! Tall neck and flaring rim during wartime, when men were depicted with weapons and in positions religious... Into maize flour be polite, accommodating, and nurturing like llamas, birds, jaguars,,. The production of food and textiles, to which women contributed much labor near each other in same... The festivities when dancers mimicked activities such as hunting, and this is area... And other spices chose, but a widow could only have one wife ; people of higher Ranks the. Lhamana, in which men and women differed within this culture used as a form of and! By neither gods nor aristocracy, the Inca relied on and worshiped heavily... Assimilation of other cultures is evident in their artistic style unlike the Europeans, and... So that the man had more labor showing that the household was wealthy babies kept! In which men and women are generally expected to dress in typically feminine and. Seagoing vessels called balsas by weaving together totora reeds Inca State was known as lhamana, which. The age of twenty their expansionist assimilation of other cultures is evident in their artistic.. Women are generally expected to dress in typically feminine ways and be polite, accommodating, editor! Believed to have created humanity on an island in the Inca people using tomatoes, chili and...