Abbas - Origin: An Arabic name found throughout Algeria. [9], Many more species of early hominid have come to light in recent decades. Mokopane and his followers, anticipating retaliation by the settlers, retreated into the mountain caves known as Gwasa, (or Makapansgat in Afrikaans). Others said it was not relevant to the struggle for their rights. Kaya Female | Kaya means "restful place" and is a popular Zulu name. [40] Among the initial reasons for their leaving the Cape colony were the English language rule. There are 54 countries, between 900 and 1,500 languages, and several thousand ethnic groups in Africa, according to Britannica. Smith: A common name of English origin, Smith means someone who works with metal. [202] The Africanists broke away from the ANC to form the Pan-Africanist Congress and its military wing named Poqo, which became active mainly in the Cape provinces. The same legislation applied also to South West Africa over which South Africa had continued after World War I to exercise a disputed League of Nations mandate. Following in Dart's footsteps Robert Broom discovered a new much more robust hominid in 1938 Paranthropus robustus at Kromdraai, and in 1947 uncovered several more examples of Australopithecus africanus at Sterkfontein. [14][15][16] The initial origin of the Khoikhoi remains uncertain.[17][18]. The Cape nonetheless remained nominally part of the British Empire, even though it was self-governing in practice. Starting from the mid-1800s, the Cape of Good Hope, which was then the largest state in southern Africa, began moving towards greater independence from Britain. [233] The Zondo Commission of Inquiry was appointed during the Presidency of Cyril Ramaphosa to investigate allegations of state capture related corruption. The July 2021 unrest coincided with the Cape Town taxi conflict[253] and Transnet ransomware attack[254][255] leading to unproven speculation that they might have been connected. The precious metal that underpinned international trade would dominate South African exports for decades to come. 31. [164] By mid-1987 the Human Rights Commission knew of at least 140 political assassinations in the country, while about 200 people died at the hands of South African agents in neighbouring states. The Zulu people are part of the Nguni tribe and were originally a minor clan in what is today northern KwaZulu-Natal, founded ca. Anthony Egan, Review of "The Hidden Thread: Russia and South Africa in the Soviet Era" by Irina Filatova & Apollon Davidson, Phyllis Johnson & David Martin, Apartheid Terrorism: The destabilisation report, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989, p.122, UN General Assembly, res n 2154 (XXI), 17 November 1966. Eventually, in the 1830s, large numbers of Boers migrated in what came to be known as the Great Trek. An academic study conducted in 2006, found that South Africans showed levels of xenophobia greater than anywhere else in the world. [67] Members of this mixed-race community formed the core of what was to become the Griqua people. [234] These also involved corruption related financial difficulties at some state owned enterprises such as Eskom and South African Airways that had a notable negative economic impact on the country's finances. This act augmented the Native Land Act of 1913 through the establishment of so-called "homelands" or "reserves". Popular South African Surnames and Meanings Abara - This surname is of Igbo origin and it means "spirit." Adebisi - The meaning of this last name is "the king" and it is of Yoruba origin. 1709 by Zulu kaNtombela. Meanwhile, the British, who viewed their defeat at Majuba as an aberration, forged ahead with their desire to federate the Southern African colonies and republics. In the event of a vacancy the Deputy President serves as Acting President. [127], Dissatisfaction with British influence in the Union's affairs reached a climax in September 1914, when impoverished Boers, anti-British Boers and bitter-enders launched a rebellion. The cash-strapped post-apartheid government was obliged to repay this debt or else face a credit downgrading by foreign financial institutions. On 4 November 1977, the Security Council imposed a mandatory arms embargo in terms of Resolution 181 calling upon all States to cease the sale and shipment of arms, ammunition and military vehicles to South Africa. [244], Civil unrest occurred in South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal and Gauteng provinces in July 2021, sparked by the imprisonment of former President Jacob Zuma for contempt of court, after he declined to testify at the Zondo Commission, an inquiry into allegations of corruption during his term as president from 2009 to 2018. It authorised the forced evictions of thousands of African people from urban centres in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) to what became described colloquially as "Bantustans" or the "original homes", as they were officially referred to, of the black tribes of South Africa. Britain, due to the military burden imposed on it by the Crimean War in Europe, then withdrew its troops from the territory in 1854, when the territory along with other areas in the region was claimed by the Boers as an independent Boer republic, which they named the Orange Free State. BP Willan, "The South African Native Labour Contingent, 19161918", Bill Nasson, "A Great Divide: Popular Responses to the Great War in South Africa,", Russell Ally, "War and goldthe Bank of England, the London gold market and South Africa's gold, 191419,", Susan Mathieson and David Atwell, "Between Ethnicity and Nationhood: Shaka Day and the Struggle over Zuluness in post-Apartheid South Africa" in, Mark Swilling & Mark Phillips, "State power in the 1980s: from total strategy to counter revolutionary warfare", in Jacklyn Cock & Laurie Nathan (eds). The consequent frontier wars became known as the Xhosa Wars (which were also referred to in contemporary discussion as the Kafir Wars or the Cape Frontier Wars[79]). This was the 499th most popular girl name in the U.K. in 2005, with 70 newborns being named Aamina. Mannan is also a Muslim surname. [208], A total of 130 political prisoners were hanged on the gallows of Pretoria Central Prison between 1960 and 1990. The police and military who controlled the JMCs by the mid-1980s were endowed with influence in decision-making at every level, from the Cabinet down to local government. In mid-1903 there remained barely half of the 90,000 black labourers who had been employed in the industry in mid-1899. The civil rights struggle of Gandhi's Natal Indian Congress failed; until the 1994 advent of democracy, Indians in South Africa were subject to most of the discriminatory laws that applied to all non-white inhabitants of the country.[66]. Owners who had purchased slaves on credit or put them up as surety against loans faced financial ruin. George McCall Theal, "Discovery of diamonds and its consequences", in. Lennet South African Letesha South African Louw Afrikaans Louw is a surname that has pre 7th century Germanic origins. [8] The first human habitation is associated with a DNA group originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa and still prevalent in the indigenous Khoisan (Khoi and San). Afrikaans, previously regarded as a low-level Dutch patois, replaced Dutch as an official language of the Union. Less than a handful of prosecutions were ever pursued. 1. [214] ANC icon Nelson Mandela, asserted in a statement released on 25 January 1990: "The nationalisation of the mines, banks and monopoly industries is the policy of the ANC, and a change or modification of our views in this regard is inconceivable. In March 1858, after land disputes, cattle rustling and a series of raids and counter-raids, the Orange Free State declared war on the Basotho kingdom, which it failed to defeat. The African National Congress won, well ahead of the governing National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party. [40], Various theories have been advanced for the causes of the difaqane, ranging from ecological factors to competition in the ivory trade. Mani is the reduced form of the South Indian surname Subramanian. Natalia was a short-lived Boer republic established in 1839 by Boer Voortrekkers emigrating from the Cape Colony. The territory of the South African Republic became known after this war as the Transvaal Colony.[54]. [204] The uprising had been precipitated by Government legislation forcing African students to accept Afrikaans as the official medium for tuition,[205] with support from the wider Black Consciousness Movement. [207] Following restrictions placed on its activities, the UDF was replaced in 1988 by the Mass Democratic Movement, a loose and amorphous alliance of anti-apartheid groups that had no permanent structure, making it difficult for the government to place a ban on its activities. Kholwa Female | Kholwa is a name used in both the Zulu and Ndebele cultures and means "believe". Retief Afrikaans Afrikaans form of Rtif. Just as he had done in 1919, Smuts urged the delegates to create a powerful international body to preserve peace; he was determined that, unlike the League of Nations, the UN would have teeth. It was an independent and internationally recognised nation-state in southern Africa from 1852 to 1902. 'The significance of the Cape trade route to economic activity in the Cape Colony: a medium-term business cycle analysis', European Review of Economic History, 14 (2010), pp. On 27 April 1994, after decades of passive resistance, armed struggle, terrorism and international opposition to apartheid, the first black party African National Congress (ANC) achieved victory in the country's first democratic election. Many blacks adopted the surname of Freeman after emancipation in 1863. Information department, Government of Lesotho. Both sides adopted scorched-earth tactics, with large swathes of pasturage and cropland being destroyed. Abimbola: The diggings were located in an area of vague boundaries and disputed land ownership. The First Sekhukhune War of 1876 was conducted by the Boers, and the two separate campaigns of the Second Sekhukhune War of 1878/1879 were conducted by the British. The Cape was relinquished back to the Dutch in 1803. The first KhoikhoiDutch War broke out in 1659, the second in 1673, and the third 16741677. From 19481994, South African politics was dominated by Afrikaner nationalism. In 1818 differences between two Xhosa leaders, Ndlambe and Ngqika, ended in Ngqika's defeat, but the British continued to recognise Ngqika as the paramount chief. Likewise the Indian element (led by Mahatma Gandhi) generally supported the war effort. Lynx Southern African, English. British sovereignty of the area was recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Dutch accepting a payment of 6 million pounds for the colony. In the Fourth Xhosa War, which lasted from 1811 to 1812, the British colonial authorities forced the Xhosa back across the Great Fish River and established forts along this boundary. Pretorius Southern African, Afrikaans From Latin praetor meaning "leader". The weaker and less-skilled Dingaan became king, relaxing military discipline while continuing the despotism. [99] The widening search for gold and other resources were financed by the wealth produced and the practical experience gained at Kimberley. This aim was complicated by border conflicts with the Boers, who soon developed a distaste for British authority. An estimated five thousand Zulu warriors were involved. Last names come from indigenous, colonialist, and diasporic roots. In 1896, the German Kaiser Kaiser Wilhelm had enraged Britain by sending congratulations to Boer republican leader Paul Kruger after Kruger's commandos captured a column of British South Africa Company soldiers engaged in an armed incursion and abortive insurrection, known historically as the Jameson Raid, into Boer territory. The "aliens" objected to being denied parliamentary representation and the right to vote, and they complained also of bureaucratic government delays in the issuing of licenses and permits, and general administrative incompetence on the part of the government.[119]. Civilians were killed or injured in many of these robberies. . The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, including an overwhelming victory by the Zulu at the Battle of Isandlwana, as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of imperialism in the region. A president may serve a maximum of two terms. Between 19601994, according to statistics from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the Inkatha Freedom Party was responsible for 4,500 deaths, South African Police 2,700, and the ANC about 1,300. There are 1,000 military records available for the last name South African. Meaning "lynx" in English. Coetzee ( Afrikaans: [kutsi]) is an Afrikaans surname. On 12 March 1868, the British parliament declared the Basotho Kingdom a British protectorate and part of the British Empire. Remains of hanged prisoners to be exhumed. Bartle Frere then sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand. Pearson Longman. [216] A wealth tax on the super-rich to fund developmental projects was set aside, while domestic and international corporations, enriched by apartheid, were excused from any financial reparations. The Bantu expansion was one of the major demographic movements in human prehistory, sweeping much of the African continent during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. Available at, Edgerton, Robert B, Africa's armies: from honor to infamy: a history from 1791 to the present (2002) p.109. The apartheid-era South African military and political intelligence services, for their part, worked closely with American, British and West German secret services throughout the Cold War. Means "nation" in Xhosa. Genocide: A History. The colony, with an estimated population of less than 400,000 in 1904[56] ceased to exist in 1910, when it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as the Orange Free State Province. 78. Male | Jabulani, a Zulu name often shortened to Jabu, means "rejoice" and is pronounced Jah-boo-LAH-nee. Whereas the San were hunter-gatherers, the Khoikhoi were pastoral herders. Meaning: Spirit. A list of references about Personal Names or Surnames at the Local History and Genealogy Reading Room at the Library of Congress. Origin of Surnames Throughout history humans have been known by more than one name to distinguish them from other people with the same name. A succession of wars followed from 1858 to 1868 between the Basotho kingdom and the Boer republic of Orange Free State. [226], In 2014, around 47% of (mostly black) South Africans lived in poverty, making it one of the most unequal countries in the world. [222] The debt was finally settled in September 2001. With the formal end of apartheid in 1994, the new democratic government was saddled with an onerous foreign debt amounting to R86,700,000,000 (US$14,000,000,000 at then current exchange rates) accrued by the former apartheid regime. Similarly, schools, justice and trade up to the arrival of the British, were all managed in the Dutch language. The monarchy came to an end on 31 May 1961, replaced by a republic as the consequence of a 1960 referendum, which legitimised the country becoming the Republic of South Africa. On 28 May 1941, Smuts was appointed a Field Marshal of the British Army, becoming the first South African to hold that rank. [citation needed] 30. The convention came into force on 18 July 1976. Prosecutions before the courts of the Union of South Africa were instituted in the name of the Crown and government officials served in the name of the Crown. Multi-national mining corporations including Anglo-American Corporation, Lonmin, and Anglo Platinum, were accused of failing to address the enduring legacies of apartheid. du Toit is an Afrikaans surname of French origin, originally from Franois du Toit, a Huguenot who moved to South Africa in 1686. Much later, in 1820 the British authorities persuaded about 5,000 middle-class British immigrants (most of them "in trade") to leave Great Britain. [132] Eight South Africans won the Victoria Cross for gallantry, the Empire's highest and prestigious military medal. After the discovery of hominins at Taung and australopithecine fossils in limestone caves at Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai these areas were collectively designated a World Heritage site. Amani (Ethiopian origin) means "faith". During the administration of President Jacob Zuma corruption in South Africa had also become a growing problem. It developed into the largest kingdom in the sub-continent before it was abandoned because of climatic changes in the 14th century. The General Assembly had already suspended South Africa from the UN organisation on 12 November 1974. However, an ill-informed British attempt to force the states of southern Africa into a British federation led to inter-ethnic tensions and the First Boer War. A total of 616 men from the Fifth Battalion of the SANLC drowned on 21 February 1917 when the troopship SS Mendi, on which they were being transported to France, collided with another vessel near the Isle of Wight. Truth Commission Special Report: APLA attacks. [230][231][232] Notable corruption related scandals during this period included incidents of widespread state capture[233] often involving allegations against the Gupta family. Some groups, ancestral to today's Nguni peoples (the Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, and Ndebele), preferred to live near the eastern coast of what is present-day South Africa. [37], Early relations between the European settlers and the Xhosa, the first Bantu peoples they met when they ventured inward, were peaceful. According to Solomon Johannes Terreblanche, a South African academic economist, the government's concessions to big business represented "treacherous decisions that [will] haunt South Africa for generations to come". The Boers kept on fighting. [144] He returned in 1923, and continued working in the Union of South Africa as a German Spy for the Third Reich. "Untold History with a Historiography: A Review of Scholarship on Afrikaner Women in South African History.". After considerable debate, and following submissions from advocacy groups, individuals and ordinary citizens, the Parliament enacted a new Constitution and Bill of Rights in 1996. In response, the stadtholder, who had taken up residence in England, issued the Kew Letters, ordering colonial governors to surrender to the British. [92], During the final campaign, Sekukuni (also spelled Sekhukhune) and members of his entourage took refuge in a mountain cave where he was cut off from food and water. Today middle names are common among people with a Catholic, Protestant, Islamic or South Asian background. The name is derived from the dutch word Prins (meaning prince), and a loo suffix meaning clearing in the forest. Abara (Igbo origin) meaning "spirit". [217], The immediate post-apartheid period was marked by an exodus of skilled, white South Africans amid crime related safety concerns. [110], Of the leading 25 foreign industrialists who were instrumental in opening up deep level mining operations at the Witwatersrand gold fields, 15 were Jewish, 11 of the total were from Germany or Austria, and nine of that latter category were also Jewish. The establishment of the staging post by the Dutch East India Company at the Cape in 1652 soon brought the Khoikhoi into conflict with Dutch settlers over land ownership. Waterboer, fearing conflict with the Boer republic of Orange Free State, subsequently asked for and received British protection. [212] [246][247]The Economist called it the worst violence that South Africa had experienced since the end of Apartheid. Teboho m Southern African, Sotho. [24], Colonel Robert Jacob Gordon of the Dutch East India Company was the first European to explore parts of the interior while commanding the Dutch garrison at the renamed Cape of Good Hope, from 1780 to 1795. By the end of the siege, about three weeks later, Mokopane and between 1,000 and 3,000 people had died in the caves. It translates as "of the roof". The Apartheid Convention, as it came to be known, was adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 1973 with 91 member states voting in favour, four against (Portugal, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States) and 26 abstentions. As European settlers started establishing permanent farms after trekking across the country in search of prime agricultural land, they encountered resistance from the local Bantu people who had originally migrated southwards from central Africa hundreds of years earlier. [89] The country was subsequently named Basutoland and is presently named Lesotho. 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